Comet 67P

Comet 67P was discovered in 1969 and named after its two discoverers.

67P's two-lobed nucleus is often compared to a rubber duck.

Rosetta reached 67P in 2014 and became the first spacecraft to orbit a comet.

Philae made the first landing on a comet's surface in 2014.

Philae bounced after first touching the surface and finally settled in a shaded location.

Rosetta followed 67P through its 2015 perihelion to observe changes in activity.

67P has cliffs, pits, and dusty regions, giving it complex terrain.

A close encounter with Jupiter significantly changed 67P's orbit.

Rosetta ended its mission in 2016 with a controlled descent to the comet's surface.

Outgassing exerts small thrusts, so 67P's spin also changes with its activity.

The nucleus is a comet's solid body, made mainly of ice, dust, and rock mixed together.

Near the Sun, cometary ice can sublimate directly to gas and carry dust with it.

The diffuse envelope of gas and dust around the nucleus is the coma.

The solar wind influences the ion tail, directing it roughly away from the Sun.

Dust-tail particles have their own orbits, often producing a curved tail.

A comet's tail can point ahead as it moves away from the Sun; it is not exhaust trailing its motion.

A coma can be many times larger than its nucleus; a photo's bright cloud is not the solid body's size.

Meteor showers can occur when Earth crosses debris left by a comet.

A meteor is light produced when a small particle enters the atmosphere, not a falling star.

Most returning comets still require a telescope to observe.

Comet brightness depends on activity, not just distance from Earth.

Short-period comets generally have orbital periods under 200 years.

Many long-period comet orbits suggest origins in the distant Oort Cloud.

Comets preserve early Solar System material and help us study planetary formation.

Comets generally move faster at perihelion and slower at aphelion.

Planetary gravity, especially Jupiter's, can change comet orbits and sometimes disrupt their nuclei.

Cometary gas jets exert small reaction forces that precise predictions must include.

Orbital elements refer to an epoch; neglected perturbations can accumulate over time.

P in a comet designation means periodic; C is commonly used for comets that are not short-period.

Dark dust often coats comet nuclei; containing ice does not make their surfaces snow-white.